最近的时间，在搞数据库的安全加固问题，关于数据库中关于sysdba权限的登录，通过最近的一些实践和测试，在这里记录一下：
数据库用sysdba登录的验证有两种方式，一种是通过os认证，一种是通过密码文件验证；登录方式有两种，一种是在数据库主机直接登录（用os认证的方式），一种是通过网络远程登录；需要设置的参数有两个，一个是SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES，一个是REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE。
os认证：如果启用了os认证，以sysdba登录，那么我们只要用oracle软件的安装用户就能登录：sqlplus “/ as sysdba”。如果我们要禁用os认证，只利用密码文件登录，我们首先要有一个密码文件：
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D:\oracle\ora92\database>orapwd file=PWDoralocal.ora password=mypassword entries=10; D:\oracle\ora92\database> |
然后我们要把$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/sqlnet.ora中设置：
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SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= none |
注意一下，密码文件只在数据库启动的时候加载进去，一旦加载进去，密码文件就脱离了oracle管理，所以我们用orapwd新建密码文件后，里面指定的密码要在数据重启后才能生效：
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D:\oracle\ora92\database>sqlplus "sys/mypassword as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri May 16 21:59:42 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. ERROR: ORA-01031: insufficient privileges Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus ### 这里我们通过改SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= （NTS）用os认证登录数据库： sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> shutdown immediate; Database closed. Database dismounted. ORACLE instance shut down. sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> startup ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 135338868 bytes Fixed Size 453492 bytes Variable Size 109051904 bytes Database Buffers 25165824 bytes Redo Buffers 667648 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> exit Disconnected from Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production D:\oracle\ora92\database> D:\oracle\ora92\database> D:\oracle\ora92\database> ### 我们把SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= （NTS）改回去。 D:\oracle\ora92\database>sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri May 16 22:03:59 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. ERROR: ORA-01031: insufficient privileges Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus D:\oracle\ora92\database> D:\oracle\ora92\database> D:\oracle\ora92\database> D:\oracle\ora92\database>sqlplus "sys/mypassword as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri May 16 22:04:07 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> exit |
在这里，我们看到这个新改的密码要数据库重启后加载才生效。同时我们看到，用os认证是无法登录的，但是通过网络（用@sid）是可以登录。
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D:\oracle\ora92\database>sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 17 00:58:32 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. ERROR: ORA-01031: insufficient privileges Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus D:\oracle\ora92\database> D:\oracle\ora92\database>sqlplus "sys/mypassword as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 17 00:59:15 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> exit Disconnected from Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production D:\oracle\ora92\database>sqlplus "sys/mypassword@oralocal as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 17 00:59:38 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> |
至此，我们已经实现不用os认证（sqlplus “/ as sysdba”的方式登录不了）。那么我们怎么限制网络方面利用sysdba远程登录呢？我们可以设置初始化文件中的REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=none。
注意，当REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=none时，这个参数生效需要重启数据库，并且，一旦启用这个参数，将使用操作系统认证，不使用口令文件。因此如果REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=none且SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= none这个时候数据库是无法登录的。
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D:\oracle\ora92\database>sqlplus "sys/change_on_install as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 17 01:28:58 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> show parameter remote_login NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ remote_login_passwordfile string EXCLUSIVE sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=none scope=spfile; System altered. Elapsed: 00:00:00.01 sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> shutdown immediate; Database closed. Database dismounted. ORACLE instance shut down. sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)> startup ORA-01031: insufficient privileges sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.50.29)>exit C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 17 08:26:43 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. ERROR: ORA-01031: insufficient privileges Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>sqlplus "sys/change_on_install as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 17 08:26:53 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator> C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>sqlplus "sys/change_on_install@oralocal as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 17 08:27:03 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator> |
这里我们看到由于启用了REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=none，使用os认证，不用密码文件认证，必须将SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= none取消，不然是无法登录。我们改成SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= （NTS）后再次测试。
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### 非oracle软件安装软件用户：### C:\Documents and Settings\hejianmin>sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 17 20:15:13 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. ERROR: ORA-01031: insufficient privileges Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus C:\Documents and Settings\hejianmin> C:\Documents and Settings\hejianmin>sqlplus "sys/change_on_install as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 17 20:15:30 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. ERROR: ORA-01031: insufficient privileges Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus C:\Documents and Settings\hejianmin> C:\Documents and Settings\hejianmin>sqlplus "sys/change_on_install@oralocal as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 17 20:15:42 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. ERROR: ORA-01031: insufficient privileges Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus C:\Documents and Settings\hejianmin> ### oracle 软件安装用户 #### C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on 星期六 5月 17 20:19:13 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. 连接到: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.0.29)> exit 从Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production中断开 C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>sqlplus "sys/change_on_install as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on 星期六 5月 17 20:19:33 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. 连接到: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.0.29)> exit 从Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production中断开 C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>sqlplus "sys/change_on_install@oralocal as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on 星期六 5月 17 20:19:45 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. 连接到: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.0.29)> exit 从Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production中断开 C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>sqlplus "11/22 as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on 星期六 5月 17 20:19:58 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. 连接到: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.0.29)> |
在这里我们看到由于用了os认证，在oracle安装用户下，无论用什么方式都能登录。非oracle用户无论用什么用户都无法登录。
如果REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=exclusive且SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= none时：
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C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>sqlplus "sys/change_on_install as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 17 20:30:57 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production sys@ORALOCAL(192.168.0.29)> exit Disconnected from Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator> C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 17 20:31:04 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. ERROR: ORA-01031: insufficient privileges Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied Enter user-name: ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator> C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator> |
总结：
（1）REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=none且SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= none：
oracle安装用户本地sqlplus “/ as sysdba”无法登录
非oracle安装用户本机sqlplus “sys/change_on_install as sysdba”无法登录
非oracle安装用户远程sqlplus “/ as sysdba_on_install@sid as sysdba”无法登录
（2）REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=exclusive且SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= none：
oracle安装用户本地sqlplus “/ as sysdba”无法登录
非oracle安装用户本机sqlplus “sys/change_on_install as sysdba”能登录
非oracle安装用户远程sqlplus “/ as sysdba_on_install@sid as sysdba”能登录
（3）REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=none且SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= (NTS)：
oracle安装用户本地sqlplus “/ as sysdba”能登录
非oracle安装用户本机sqlplus “sys/change_on_install as sysdba”无法登录
非oracle安装用户远程sqlplus “/ as sysdba_on_install@sid as sysdba”无法登录
（4）REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=exclusive且SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= (NTS)：
oracle安装用户本地sqlplus “/ as sysdba”能登录
非oracle安装用户本机sqlplus “sys/change_on_install as sysdba”能登录
非oracle安装用户远程sqlplus “/ as sysdba_on_install@sid as sysdba”能登录